RFLP maps
of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (1979)
***Rapid
proliferation
of within
& among species mtDNA studies
Ex.:
“Out
of Africa”
hypothesis from RFLP maps
of human mtDNA (1987)
Dideoxy
DNA sequencing
(1977, routine from 1990)
***
"Sanger”
sequencing
remained
method of
choice for 40
years
DNA Fingerprinting described; forensic applications (1985)
***
Rapid proliferation of microsatellite
nucDNA
population studies
Polymerase
Chain Reaction in
vitro amplification of DNA (1983)
***
Rapid
proliferation of within & among
species DNA
studies
Automated
DNA sequencing (1986) uses Sanger
method
Dideoxy terminators tagged with
fluorescent markers: A C G T
E.
coli
genome
sequenced: 4.6
Mbp (1997)
Human
Genome Project:
3,200 Mbp (2003): Big
Science Biology
***Technical developments lead
to Next-Gen
sequencing
Data base for identification,
retrieval, annotation,
interpretation, manipulation, etc
CRISPR-cas
technology
(2013)
Ex.: “Environmental
Sequencing”
of 1,500 L seawater: 1.2M
genes in 1
Gbp (2004)
One
Thousand Genomes Project
(1KGP)
announced
(2008)
Next-Generation Sequencing routine from 2012 [S&R 1.13 & 14]
Ex. Illumina Sequencing specs:*** "Here it comes: assimilate it."