Penetrance versus Expressivity
Egg colour of the endangered Hawai'ian Oo'Aa bird is controlled by
a single locus, BLU, where the B allele is dominant
to the b allele.
As part of the recovery strategy, a pure-breeding blue-egg bird (BB) from one island is
crossed with a pure-breeding white-egg bird (bb) from another island. Because all the
offspring are Bb
heterozygotes, they are all expected to show a uniform,
blue phenotype like that of the BB parent. However, if penetrance and / or expressivity vary,
three patterns of variation that differ from expectation
are possible.
If penetrance varies [left], the Bb genotype
sometimes does not penetrate through to
the phenotype: some Bb eggs are blue just like those of
their BB parents,
others are white like those of their bb parents,
despite presence of the B allele. "Lack of penetrance"
is sometimes used to explain individuals whose
phenotypes do not reflect their inferred genotypes,
e.g., a dominant trait that appears to "skip"
a generation in a pedigree
If expressivity
varies [middle], the Bb genotype will not be expressed uniformly
in the phenotype: all eggs are blue, but the exact
shade of blue varies among individuals with the same
genotype. Variable expressivity is frequently
attributable to environmental factors or variation at gene
loci elsewhere in the genome.
If expressivity and penetrance
both vary [right], there may be a continuous
gradient of phenotypes between white and blue eggs. Note
that lack of penetrance can be considered as an
extreme from of expressivity, in which the range of
expression includes non-expression.
*HOMEWORK: In the
penetrance example, how would you distinguish the
results of a Bb x Bb cross from those of a cross Bb x bb cross, where
the parents are blue and white respectively, and half the
offspring are blue Bb
eggs and half are white bb
eggs?