Outgroup Rooting
of an unrooted network
Given an unrooted
network of relationships [based on the 1,140 bp DNA sequence
of mtDNA Cytochrome b gene] among four species
of Carnivora in the suborder Caniformia, outgroup rooting uses an
additional taxon (an outgroup)
known from independent evidence to be less closely related to
any of the other species (the ingroup)
than they are to each other. The analysis is repeated with the
five taxa, and the placement of the outgroup among the ingroup
determines the root.
In the example, Felis
is a carnivore in a different suborder (Feliformia)
than the other four species (Caniformia). Inclusion of Felis
in the network analysis places the root on the internode,
as expected if Ursus and Ailuropoda are each
others closest relatives in the bear family, Ursidae.
This method
requires accurate information as to ingroup / outgroup
relationships. Ideally, the outgroup should be the sister taxon, which is
the most closely related taxon not included in the
group. If a more distant outgroup taxon is used, the accumulated
differences from the ingroup may obscure the actual
similarities. Note that in this example, the bootstrap support
for the branch leading to the two Ursidae has fallen to
90% from 99% in the
unrooted network.