Derivation of the General Selection Equation
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Genotype
AA
AB
BB
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(1) Frequency p2
+
2pq
+
q2
=
1
before selection
(2) Fitness
W0
W1
W2
(3)
Relative p2W0
+
2pqW1
+ q2W2
=
Contribution
(4) Frequency p2W0/ + 2pqW1/ +
q2W2/ = / = 1
after selection
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(1) Genotype distributions before selection follow Hardy-Weinberg
expectations.
(2) Each genotype AA, AB, and BB
has a distinct phenotype: W0, W1,
& W2, respectively.
W is the expectation
that an individual with a particular genotype will survive
& reproduce
(3) Each genotypic class makes a relative
contribution to the next generation,
which is proportional
to its initial frequency, weighted by its fitness.
[e.g., if the AA genotype has a
frequency of 0.25 and 80% survive to reproduce,
the
relative contribution of AA to the next generation
is (0.25)(0.8)=0.20]
The sum of the relative contributions
of all three genotypes is
(read as, "W bar") = mean population fitness
In
this simple model,<
1, because not everyone on Line (1) survives.
(4) Because
< 1, the relative contributions have to be "normalized":
Dividing the contribution of each genotype
by returns the
sum to unity,
and the final values are the relative
genotype frequencies after selection.
To derive the allele
frequencies after selection, take Line (4) above and
recall q = f(BB) + (1/2) f(AB)
so q' = q2W2/ + (1/2) 2pqW1/ = q(qW2
+ pW1)/
then q
=
q' - q = qafter
- qbefore
=
q(qW2 + pW1)/ - q/
=
[(q)(qW2 + pW1) - (q)(p2W0
+ 2pqW1 + q2W2)]
/
=
[(q)(qW2 + pW1
- p2W0 - 2pqW1
- q2W2)]
/
=
[(q)(pqW2 + W1p(1-2q)
- pW0p)] /
[Note
1]
=
[(pq)(qW2 + W1(1-2q)
- W0p)] /
=
[(pq)(W2q + W1(p-q)
- W0p)] /
[Note
2]
=
[(pq)(W2q + W1p - W1q - W0p)/
q = [pq] [(q)(W2 - W1)
+ (p)(W1 - W0)] / []
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Notes: [1] (q - q2)
= q(1 - q) = pq [2]
(1 - 2q) = (1 - q) - q = p - q
Homework: repeat this derivation for p = p' - p
Text material © 2022 by Steven M. Carr