Bird, Pterosaur, & Bat
forelimbs as analogous Wing
Structures
Bird,
Pterosaur, and Bat forelimbs are homologous as
limb structures, with respect to the
sequential relationship of humerus, radius, ulna,
and digits as
inherited independently from flightless ancestors.
They are analogous as flight
structures: note in particular that the digits are
arrayed in radically different patterns in the flight surfaces
of the three different patterns.
Text © 2021 by Steven
M. Carr