Pairwise mtDNA SNP differences among Great Ape mitochondrial DNA genomes
Observed counts of SNP differences over
the 15,447 bp coding region are given below the diagonal
(lower left matrix). Percentage distances are
given above the diagonal (upper right matrix), over the
same region. Note that the measured genetic difference
between either chimp and any Anatomically Modern Human (AMH)
is 8.31 ~ 8.61%, essentially the same as between chimps
& Neandertals 8.19 - 8.35%.
Matrices of SNP data (or other phenetic data) comprise three parts, a diagonal from the upper left to the lower right, a lower-left half-matrix below the diagonal, and an upper-right half-matrix above the diagonal. The latter two names are typically shortened to lower & upper matrices. In the matrix shown, the lower matrix shows counts, which are therefore differences. The upper matrix shows counts divided by total lengths, which are therefore distances (d), and can be converted to similarities (s) as s = 1 - d. For example, the two individual gorillas differ by 122 SNPs out of 15,447 sites examined, thus the distance between the two mitogenomes is d = 122 / 15,447 = 0.79% as shown or s = 1 - 0.79% = 99.21%. The diagonal values are typically zero, because they show the difference between a taxon and itself. For essentially the same reasons that Chi-Square calculations are performed on count data, phenetic calculations are performed on count rather than percentage data. Numerical answers will be analogous, but estimation of statistical support requires counts.
Matrices of SNP data (or other phenetic data) comprise three parts, a diagonal from the upper left to the lower right, a lower-left half-matrix below the diagonal, and an upper-right half-matrix above the diagonal. The latter two names are typically shortened to lower & upper matrices. In the matrix shown, the lower matrix shows counts, which are therefore differences. The upper matrix shows counts divided by total lengths, which are therefore distances (d), and can be converted to similarities (s) as s = 1 - d. For example, the two individual gorillas differ by 122 SNPs out of 15,447 sites examined, thus the distance between the two mitogenomes is d = 122 / 15,447 = 0.79% as shown or s = 1 - 0.79% = 99.21%. The diagonal values are typically zero, because they show the difference between a taxon and itself. For essentially the same reasons that Chi-Square calculations are performed on count data, phenetic calculations are performed on count rather than percentage data. Numerical answers will be analogous, but estimation of statistical support requires counts.
Data after SMC Flynn & SM Carr (2015); Text material © 2021 by Steven M. Carr