Phenetic analysis: an example
Wyles et al. (1983). Birds, behavior, and anatomical evolution. "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:4394-4397.

Hypothesis

"We compared the morphological distance between ... two birds with that between a seal and a cat ... because of the following statement made by an eminent comparative zoologist: '...birds of today despite their varied plumage, songs and habits, are very similar to one another in their structure. They are divided into many orders; but the differences, for example, between a hummingbird and an albatross are much less than those between a seal and a cat.... The different bird orders have, in general, no more differences between them than exist between families in other classes of vertebrates, and anatomical differences between bird genera are often so slight that fossils are hard to place.'" [Alfred Romer, 1966. "Vertebrate Paleontology," 3rd ed., p. 468].

Results

Table 1: Morphological differences between Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna), albatross (Diomedea immutabilis), domestic cat (Felis catus), and harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) [modified and extended from the original]
 
Relative Trait Lengths
Calypte Diomedea Felis Phoca
Head Width 4.5 3.4 5.2 6.4
Head Length 33.4 14.8 10.0 13.9
Eye - Nostril 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.3
Nostil - Lip 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.5
Shank Length 11.7 14.6 14.7 11.4
 Forearm Length 5.2 22.2 14.1 8.0
Toe Length 4.8 7.8 6.3 4.8
Backbone Length 37.9 33.4 47.4 52.9

Table 2: Manhattan distances (H) among hummingbird, albatross, cat, and seal

Manhattan Distances (H)
Calypte Diomedea Felis Phoca
Calypte 0 - - -
Diomedea 48.4 0 - -
Felis 47.7 30.9 0 -
Phoca 40.7 44.1 21.8 0

Conclusion
"The results are inconsistent with the quote, the H values being 22 for the cat/seal comparison and 48 for the two birds."


Text material © 2001 by Steven M. Carr